Joint osteoarthritis: Is there something we can do without a scalpel and a pill?

Osteoarthritis oflarge joints, including knee osteoarthritis, is one of the most common diseases. Pain is one of the main symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Itleads to a decrease in quality oflife for patients. Despite undeniable advances in both surgical and medical treatments, this problem remains far from resolved. As a result of searching the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library and eLIBRARY.RU electroniclibrary databases, 99 publications were selected from the period from 1999 to 2025, including data from randomized controlled trials,longitudinal and cohort studies, practical and clinical guidelines. This article focuses on non-pharmacological treatments for KOA, specifically the use of specialized braces, orthoses, and insoles. Current data on these devices effectiveness in osteoarthritis treatment are presented. The use of braces and orthoses helps relieve pressure on the knee joint, reduce pain, improve quality oflife, and accelerate rehabilitation after surgery. Comparative results of orthosis and brace use are analyzed. Wedge-shaped insoles should be an important element of treatment for patients with KOA. They can serve both as a preventative measure for the osteoarthritis development and as a treatment method for slowing the progression of existing disease. Furthermore, wedge-shaped insoles help improve the musculo-venous pump function and normalize venous outflow from thelimb, which is extremely important given the currently available data on the role of chronic venous disease in the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Therefore, biomechanical devices should be a mandatory component of the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis.

1. Turovskaya EF, Alekseeva LI, Filatova EG. Current ideas about the pathogenetic mechanisms of pain in osteoarthrosis. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2014;52(4):438–444. (In Russ.) http://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2014-438-444.

2. Woolf A, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(9):646–656. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14710506.

3. Murray CJL, Lopez AD (eds.). The global burden of disease. A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Cambridge (MA): Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and The World Bank; 1996.

4. Nassonova VA, Folomeeva OM, Amirjanovu VN, Yakusheva EO, Lobareva LS, Loginova EYu. Musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases in Russia: dynamics of statistical indices for 5 years (1994–1998). Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2000;38(2):4–12. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2000-1226.

5. Балабанова РМ, Дубинина ТВ, Эрдес ШФ. Динамика заболеваемости ревматическими заболеваниями взрослого населения России за 2010–2014 гг. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2016;54(3):266–270. https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2016-266-270.

6. Balabanova RM, Dubinina TV, Demina AV, Krichevskaya OA. The incidence of musculoskeletal diseases in the Russian Federation over 2015–2016. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(1):15–21. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2018-15-21.

7. Balabanova RM, Erdes ShF. Trends in the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in ICD-10 in the adult population of the Russian Federation over 2000–2010. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2012;50(3):10–12. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2012-702.

8. Makarova MV, Valkov MYu. Segmented analysis of official statistical indicators dynamic series for osteoarthritis in 1994–2018 in Russia, the North-Western Federal district and the Arkhangelsk region. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2021;59(5):584–591. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2021-584-591.

9. Kabalyk M.A. Prevalence of osteoarthritis in Russia: regional aspects of trends in statistical parameters during 2011–2016. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(4):416–422. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2018-416-422.

10. Balabanova RM, Erdes ShF. The incidence and prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Russia in 2012–2013. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2015;53(2):120–124. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2015-120-124.

11. Sofat N, Ejindu V, Kiely P. What makes osteoarthritis painful? The evidence for local and central pain processing. Rheumatology. 2011;50(12):2157–2165. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ker283.

12. Petrunko IL, Menshikova LV, Sergeeva NV, Cherkasova .A. The nosological pattern of disability in osteoarthritis in the Irkutsk Region. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(2):202–207. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2018-202-207.

13. Bragina SV, Matveyev RP. Structure of persistent disability in patients with gonarthrosis. Genij Ortopedii. 2011;(4):96–100. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/1793.

14. Uhl J, Valsamis M, Gillot T. The transosseous perforator veins of the knee. Phlebolymphology. 2021;28(2):61–66. Available at: https://www.phlebolymphology.org/the-transosseous-perforator-veins-of-the-knee.

15. Makushin VD, Chegurov OK. Gonarthrosis (issues of pathogenesis and classification). Genij Ortopedii. 2005;(2):19–22. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/1087.

16. Patel M, Varghese R, Rajarshi M. Case Series Analysis of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Patients to Determine Associated Arthrosis. Indian J Surg. 2023;85:106–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-021-02969-x.

17. Щеглов ЭА. Флебогонартроз. Петрозаводск: ПетрГУ; 2021. 135 с.

18. Loef M, van Beest S, Kroon FPB, Bloem JL, Dekkers OM, Reijnierse M et al. Comparison of histological and morphometrical changes underlying subchondral bone abnormalities in inflammatory and degenerative musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018;26(8):992–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.05.007.

19. Butterfield NC, Curry KF, Steinberg J, Dewhurst H, Komla-Ebri D, Mannan NS et al. Accelerating functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20761-5.

20. Kotelnikov GP, Lartsev YV, Kudashev DS, Zuev-Ratnikov SD, Asatryan VG, Shcherbatov ND. Pathogenetic and clinical aspects of osteoarthritis and osteoarthritis-associated defects of the cartilage of the knee joint from the standpoint of understanding the role of the subchondral bone. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2023;30(2):219–231. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/vto346679.

21. Cao TN, Nguyen CT, Nguyen MD. The association between chronic venous disease and knee osteoarthritis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(7):2899–2907. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202304_31921.

22. Onoprienko GA, Voloshin VP. Сurrent concepts in physiological and reparative osteogenesis. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2017;45(2):79–93. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2017-45-2-79-79.

23. Kelly PJ, Bronk JT. Venous pressure and bone formation. Microvasc Res. 1990;39(3):364–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-2862(90)90049-w.

24. Oga Y, Sugiyama S, Matsubara S, Inaki Y, Matsunaga M, Shindo A. The Effectiveness of Endovenous Thermal Ablation for the Knee Symptoms of the Osteoarthritis with Varicose Veins. Ann Vasc Dis. 2021;14(2):108–111. https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.21-00016.

25. Strebkova EA, Alekseeva LI. Osteoarthritis and obesity. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2015;53(5):542–552. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2015-542-552.

26. Lychagin AV, Gritsyuk AA, Gasanov YSh. The role of obesity in development of the arthritic knee. Тhe Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2018;(3):62–66. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2226-2016.2018.3.62-66.

27. Alekseeva LI, Taskina EA, Kashevarova NG, Sharapova EP, Anikin SG, Strebkova EA et al. Knee osteoarthritis and metabolic syndrome: new approaches to therapy. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(2):157–163. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2018-157-163.

28. McNulty AL, Miller MR, O'Connor SK, Guilak F. The effects of adipokines on cartilage and meniscus catabolism. Connect Tissue Res. 2011;52(6):523–533. https://doi.org/10.3109/03008207.2011.597902.

29. Тюрин АВ, Давлетшин РА. К вопросам патогенеза остеоартрита и дисплазии соединительной тканиTyurin AV, Davletshin RA. To the questions of osteoarthritis pathogenesis and connective tissue dysplasia. Bashkortostan Medical Journal. 2013;8(4):80–83. (In Russ.) Available at: https://mvb-bsmu.ru/files/journals/4_2013.pdf.

30. Sokolov VA. The structural peculiarities of connective tissue dysplasias in case of chronic somatic diseases and joint diseases of adults. Medical Almanac. 2013;(6):202–204. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/ruphmn.

31. Kashevarova NG, Zaitseva EM, Smirnov AV, Alekseeva LI. Pain as one of the risk factors for progression of knee osteoarthrosis. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2013;51(4):387–390. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2013-1249.

32. Kashevarova NG, Alekseeva LI. Risk factors of the knee osteoarthritis progression. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2014;52(5):553–561. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2014-553-561.

33. Rogers MW, Wilder FV. The association of BMI and knee pain among persons with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:163. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-9-163.

34. Neogi T, Nevitt M, Niu J, Sharma L, Roemer F, Guermazi A et al. Subchondral bone attrition may be a reflection of compartment-specific mechanical load: the MOST Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(5):841–844. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.110114.

35. Turovskaya EF, Alekseeva LI, Filatova EG. Mechanisms of chronic pain at osteoarthrosis of the knee. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2014;52(5):526–529. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2014-526-529.

36. Turovskaya EF, Alekseeva LI, Filatova EG. Current ideas about the pathogenetic mechanisms of pain in osteoarthrosis. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2014;52(4):438–444. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2014-438-444.

37. Filimonova OG. Neuropathic pain component in patients with osteoarthritis. RMJ. Medical Review. 2022;6(3):113–119. (In Russ.) http://doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-3-113-119.

38. Korshunov NI, Rechkina EV, Filatova YuS, Yaltseva NV. Osteoarthritis and depression. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(1):93–98. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2018-93-98.

39. Alekseyenko EYu. Anxiety and depressive disorders in patients with primary osteoarthritis. Siberian Medical Journal. 2014;(7):70–72. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/tqpywn.

40. Shevtsov VI, Karaseva TYu, Karasev YeA, Karasev AG, Korkin AYa. Current technologies of treatment for patients with deforming arthrosis of the knee. Genij Ortopedii. 2009;(3):17–24. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/1516.

41. Baranovskii AA, Balgley АG, Tkachenko AN, Mansurov DSh, Khromov AA. The possibilities of drilled tunneling in the treatment of knee joint osteoarthritis. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(2):204–210. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-2-204-210.

42. Makushin VD, Chegourov OK. The information-and-patent review of the technologies of orthopaedic treatment of patients with gonarthrosis in terms of new methods and devices. Genij Ortopedii. 2008;(1):100–103. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.ilizarov-journal.com/jour/article/view/1380.

43. Tatarenkov VI, Bulgakov V, Gavruyshenko NS. Two-year results of clinical use of arthromedullary bypass for knee osteoarthritis. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2021;28(2):5–12. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/vto71129.

44. Prizov AP, Kopylov AA, Epstein AA, Lazko FL, Kubashev AA, Belyak EA et al. Treatment of Knee Medial Osteoarthrosis Using Open Corrective Osteotomy of the Tibia. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2016;23(3):71–74. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/vto201623371-74.

45. Fishchenko I, Poliachenko I, Kravchuk L, Kovalenko A. The use of radiofrequency neuroablation for pain syndrome in patients with gonarthrosis grade 3 to 4. Genij Ortopedii. 2022;28(4):481–485. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2022-28-4-481-485.

46. Medjidov KM, Parshikov MV, Ginzburg LM, Solov’yev YS, Uzhakhov IM. Embolization of the arteries in the relief of joint and near joint pain: how, when and in whom? A review. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2022;29(3):307–316. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/vto110810.

47. Airapetov GA, Yablonskiy PK, Serdobintsev MS, Dziov ZV, Naumov DG. Robot-assisted knee arthroplasty: first experience (a prospective randomized study). Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(5):475–480. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-5-475-480.

48. Bialik VE, Bialik EI, Makarov MA, Makarov SA, Nesterenko VA. Efficacy of local injection therapy with hyaluronic acid of different molecular weight in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2019;57(2):235–242. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2019-235-242.

49. Petukhov AI, Kornilov NN, Kulyaba TA. Injectable hyaluronic acid drugs for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis in the context of evidencebased medicine. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(2):239–248. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2018-239-248.

50. Seleznev A, Ryabova M, Fokin I, Antonovich M, Rondaleva N, Vesnov I. Biomechanical changes with intraarticular injections of the Hyapro synovial fluid prosthesis in patients with gonarthrosis. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(3):316–322. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-3-316-322

51. Egiazaryan KA, Danilov MA, Abdusalamov RM, Fldzhjan GA. Intraosseous and intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Тhe Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2020;(1):5–12. https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2226-2016.2020.1.5-12.

52. Denisov L, Tsvetkova ES, Golubev GSh, Bugrova OV, Dydykina IS, Dubikov AI et al. The European society for clinical and economic aspects of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (esceo) algorithm for the management of knee osteoarthritis is applicable to russian clinical practice: a consensus statement of leading russian and ESCEO osteoarthritis experts. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2016;54(6):641–653. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2016-641-653.

53. Bruyère O, Cooper C, Pelletier JP, Branco J, Luisa Brandi M, Guillemin F et al. An algorithm recommendation for the management of knee osteoarthritis in Europe and internationally: a report from a task force of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;44(3):253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.014.

54. Herrero-Beaumont G, Ivorra JA, Del Carmen Trabado M, Blanco FJ, Benito P, Martín-Mola E et al. Glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study using acetaminophen as a side comparator. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(2):555–567. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22371.

55. Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz RW, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden NK et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part III: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18(4):476–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.013.

56. Towheed TE, Anastassiades TP, Shea B, Houpt J, Welch V, Hochberg MC. Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD002946. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002946.pub2.

57. Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(2):220–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41142.

58. Wood G, Neilson J, Cottrell E, Hoole SP; Guideline Committee. Osteoarthritis in people over 16: diagnosis and management-updated summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2023;380:24. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p24.

59. Belyayeva IB, Zhugrova YeS, Mokhov AD. Updated National Clinical Guidelines ‘Gonarthrosis 2024’: Emphasis on Conservative Methods of Therapy. Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2025;21(10):8–14. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33978/2307-3586-2025-21-10-8-14.

60. Chou R, McDonagh MS, Nakamoto E, Griffin J. Analgesics for Osteoarthritis: An Update of the 2006 Comparative Effectiveness Review. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22091473.

61. Tsvetkova ES, Denisov LN. Focal therapy of osteoarthritis – new options. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2012;50(5):42–44. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2012-1180.

62. Karateev AE. Six stabs in the back of proton pump inhibitors. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2013;51(3):332–340. (In Russ.) Available at: https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/1658.

63. Muravyev YuV, Bobkova OR. Potential harms of the use of proton pump inhibitors: debatable problems. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(5):671–674. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2018-671-674.

64. Zhou B, Huang Y, Li H, Sun W, Liu J. Proton-pump inhibitors and risk of fractures: an update meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):339–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3365-x.

65. Tariq R, Singh S, Gupta A, Pardi DS, Khanna S. Association of gastric acid suppression with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(6):784–791. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0212.

66. Lee R, Kean WF. Obesity and knee osteoarthritis. Inflammopharmacology. 2012;20(2):53–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-011-0118-0.

67. Lawford BJ, Hall M, Hinman RS, Van der Esch M, Harmer AR, Spiers L et al. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;(12):CD004376. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004376.pub4.

68. Dubinina TV, Sukhareva ML, Erdes ShF. Ergotherapy in rheumatology. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2014;52(1):85–90. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2014-85-90.

69. Klemenov AV. Possibilities with backward walking for knee pathology (literature review). Genij Ortopedii. 2021;27(1):128–131. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-1-128-131.

70. Karateev AE, Lila AM, Vertkin AL, Alekseeva LI, Gerasimenko MYu, Arkov VV et al. Efficiency and safety of magnetotherapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Expert council (3 june 2020, Moscow). Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2020;58(6):734–742. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2020-734-742.

71. Karateev AE, Pogozheva EYu, Sukhareva ML, Lila AM, Ivanov AV, Osnovina IP et al. Evaluation of the efficiency and safety of magnet therapy for osteoarthritis. Results of the multicenter blind placebo-controlled study COSMO (Clinical Evaluation of Current Magnet Therapy for Osteoarthritis). Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2020;58(1):55–61. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2020-55-61.

72. Deng J, Zhang L, Chen F, Tao Y, Yang H, Yu L, Zhang C. The optimal course and frequency of Tai Chi for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1661674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1661674.

73. Korableva NN, Dlinnykh NI, Enikeev MG, Shestakov DYu, Pirozhenko SV, Krasnogorskiy AV, Khutyz ТК. Complex conservative treatment of patients with osteoarthrosis of low extremity large joints. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2004;(4):25–29. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/oiqpqz.

74. Brouwer RW, van Raaij TM, Verhaar JA, Coene LN, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Brace treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee: a prospective randomized multi-centre trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006;14(8):777–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2006.02.004.

75. Callaghan MJ, Parkes MJ, Hutchinson CE. A randomised trial of a brace for patellofemoral osteoarthritis targeting knee pain and bone marrow lesions. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1164–1170. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206376.

76. Kirkley A, Webster-Bogaert S, Litchfield R, Amendola A, MacDonald S, McCalden R, Fowler P. The effect of bracing on varus gonarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(4):539–548. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199904000-00012.

77. van Raaij TM, Max Reijman M, Brouwer RW. Medial knee osteoarthritis treated by insoles or braces. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:1926– 1932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-010-1274-z.

78. Bruyere O, Honvoa G, Veronese N, Arden NK, Branco J, Curtis EM et al. An updated algorithm recommendation for the management of knee osteoarthritis from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;49(3):337–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.04.008.

79. McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Arden NK, Berenbaum F, Bierma-Zeinstra SM et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(3):363–388. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.003.

80. Gibbs AJ, Gray B, Wallis JA, Taylor NF, Kemp JL, Hunter DJ, Barton CJ. Recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2023;31(10):1280–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2023.05.015.

81. Geenen R, Overman CL, Christensen R, Åsenlöf P, Capela S, Huisinga KL et al. EULAR recommendations for the health professional's approach to pain management in inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(6):797–807. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212662.

82. Segal NA. Bracing and orthoses: a review of efficacy and mechanical effects for tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. PMR. 2012;4(S5):S89–S96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.01.018.

83. Raja K, Dewan N. Efficacy of knee braces and foot orthoses in conservative management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90:247–262. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318206386b.

84. Arazpour M, Zarezadeh F, Bani MA. The effects of unloader knee orthosis and lateral wedge insole in patients with mild and moderate knee osteoarthritis (OA). Iran Rehab J. 2012;(16):60–65. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/125790368/The_effects_of_unloader_knee_orthosis_and_lateral_wedge_insole_in_patients_with_mild_and_moderate_knee_osteoarthritis_OA_.

85. Dzidotor GK, Moorhead JB, Ude CC. Functions and Effectiveness of Unloader, Patellofemoral, and Knee Sleeve Orthoses: A Review. Regen Eng Transl Med. 2024;10(2):147–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-023-00313-1.

86. Mohd Sharif NA, Goh S-L, Usman J, Wan Safwani WKZ. Biomechanical and functional efficacy of knee sleeves: a literature review. Phys Ther Sport. 2017;28:44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.05.001.

87. Clockaerts S, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Runhaar J, Van Osch GJVM, Van Offel JF, Verhaar JAN et al. The infrapatellar fat pad should be considered as an active osteoarthritic joint tissue: a narrative review. Osteoarthr Cartilage. 2010;18:876–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2010.03.014.

88. Hyo-Jeoung K, Dae-Sung P, Ju Ri J, Kwang-Ik J. The effect of silicone sleeve and taping on balance and strength in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients. J Kor Phys Ther. 2014;26(3):147–155. (In Russ.) Available at: http://www.kptjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1114&page=&pn=mostread&sort=publish_Date%20DESC&spage=&vmd=Full.

89. Paluska SA, McKeag DB. Knee braces: current evidence and clinical recommendations for their use. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61:411. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10670507.

90. Chuang S-H, Huang M-H, Chen T-W, Weng M-C, Liu C-W, Chen C-H. Effect of knee sleeve on static and dynamic balance in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2007;23:405–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-5655(07)70004-4.

91. Elphingstone JW, Paul KD, Girardi A, Simmons CS, Casp AJ, Brabston EW et al. Bioactive knee sleeve for osteoarthritis: a small cohort study. South Med J. 2022;115:773–779. https://doi.org/10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001454.

92. Baltaci G, Aktas G, Camci E, Oksuz S, Yildiz S, Kalaycioglu T. The effect of prophylactic knee bracing on performance: balance, proprioception, coordination, and muscular power. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19:1722–1728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1491-3.

93. Kirkley A, Webster-Bogaert S, Litchfield R, Amendola A, MacDonald S, McCalden R, Fowler P. The effect of bracing on varus gonarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(4):539–548. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199904000-00012.

94. Liebau KH, Schmitt AP, Fröhlich S, Bünzen C, Mittelmeier W, Schulze C. Comparison of the Influence of Supportive and Sensorimotor Insoles on Flat Feet in Children — a Double-Blind, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2023;25(4):195–206. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9346.

95. Christovão TCL, Hugo Pasini Neto HP, Grecco LAC, Ferreira LA, Franco de Moura RC, Eliege de Souza M et al. Effect of different insoles on postural balance: a systematic review. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013;25(10):1353–1356. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.25.1353.

96. Hajizadeh M, Desmyttere G, Carmona JP, Bleau J, Begon M. Can foot orthoses impose different gait features based on geometrical design in healthy subjects? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Foot. 2020;42:101646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2019.10.001.

97. Barrios JA, Crenshaw JR, Royer TD, Davis IS. Walking shoes and laterally wedged orthoses in the clinical management of medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis: a one-year prospective controlled trial. Knee. 2009;16(2):136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2008.10.002.

98. Antonov ON, Kosenkov AN. The role of the complex application of compression knitwear in the treatment of patients with chronic venous diseases. Ambulatornaya Khirurgiya. 2025;22(1):91–100. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/akh2025-031.

99. Budarick AR, MacKeil BE, Fitzgerald S, Cowper-Smith CD. Design Evaluation of a Novel Multicompartment Unloader Knee Brace. J Biomech Eng. 2020;142(1):014502. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044818.