Venous foot pump: A literature review and commentaries

The growing interest in chronic venous diseases of the extremities reflects their increasing prevalence in modern society, particularly among lower socioeconomic groups. Over the past 75 years, significant research has expanded our understanding of venous return physiology within the inferior vena cava system. However, when examining this topic, the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the venous pump in the lower extremities appears fragmented. Key components are often considered in isolation, leading to an overemphasis on certain structures, such as the musculovenous pump of the calf and the venous valve system, while other essential elements like the venous pump of the foot and the role of fascia are underestimated or overlooked. Moreover, insufficient attention has been given to the interplay between the components of the venous return system and how they integrate into the mechanics of the step cycle. The venous return mechanism is predominantly examined in two scenarios – upright walking andlying down – while the more common body positions in modern industrial society, such assitting and standing, remain inadequately studied. The purpose of this literature review isto synthesize data from domestic and international sources to trace the evolution of concepts surrounding the anatomy and physiology of the foot’s venous pump. It aims to consolidate available information, highlight the significance of the foot venous pump in the overall venous return system, and underscore the connection between venous return function and the mechanics of the step cycle.

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