Склерозирующий мезентерит как хирургическая проблема: обзор литературы и собственное клиническое наблюдение

Проблеме изучения патологии брыжеечного жира тонкой кишки в практике хирурга до настоящего времени уделяется недостаточно внимания. Остается нерешенным ряд вопросов, касающихся этиологии и патогенеза заболеваний брыжейки, их возможной связи с доброкачественными и злокачественными заболеваниями, методов их лабораторной и инструментальной диагностики, возможных вариантов консервативного и хирургического лечения, а также систематизации и структурирования классификации. Одним из малоизученных представителей заболеваний брыжейки тонкой кишки продолжает оставаться склерозирующий мезентерит, характеризующийся различными гистологическими вариантами поражения брыжеечного жира и разнообразной неспецифической клинической картиной. В совокупности это приводит к определенным трудностям диагностики, обращаемости пациентов к врачам различного профиля, что в конечном итоге отрицательным образом отражается на результатах лечения и может приводить к социальной дезадаптации и возможной инвалидизации. Сообщения о встречаемости данной патологии в медицинской литературе немногочисленны и, как правило, описывают исключительно редкие клинические случаи. Однако в последние годы частота выявления этой патологии продолжает неуклонно расти, что связано с прогрессирующим старением населения, высокой степенью хирургической активности в отношении ургентных заболеваний органов брюшной полости, совершенствованием методов инструментальной диагностики. Вопросы этиологии, патогенеза, дифференциальной диагностики данного заболевания и его возможной связи с паранеопластическим процессом в настоящее время продолжают вызывать дискуссии. Дальнейшее накопление клинического опыта, лучшее понимание патогенеза заболевания, совершенствование визуализационных методик позволит разработать более четкие диагностические и клинические критерии, сузить диагностический поиск и в конечном итоге улучшить и стандартизировать лечение. В статье приведен обзор литературы, посвященный этой редкой хирургической патологии, представлено собственное клиническое наблюдение, рассмотрены вопросы диагностики и варианты лечения данного заболевания.

1. Dhruv А, Kashi M, Pandya D. Idiopathic Sclerosing Mesenteritis: An Extremely Rare Cause of Mesenteric Mass. J Med Cases. 2021;12(12):516–519. https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3825.

2. Buragina G, Biasina AM, Carrafiello G. Clinical and radiological features of mesenteric panniculitis: a critical overview. Acta Biomed. 2019;90(4):411–422. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v90i4.7696.

3. Alsuhaimi MA, Alshowaiey RA, Alsumaihi AS, Aldhafeeri SM. Mesenteric panniculitis various presentations and management: A single institute ten years, experience. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;80:104203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104203.

4. Egorova ON, Belov BS, Glukhova SI, Radenska-Lopovok SG. Panniculitis in modern rheumatology. Ter Arch. 2020;92(5):33–38. https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.05.000627.

5. Егорова О, Белов Б, Раденска-Лоповок С. Мезентериальный панникулит в практике ревматолога. Врач. 2016;27(5):40–45. Режим доступа: https://vietnamjournal.ru/0236-3054/article/view/116528.

6. Sharawi S, Graffeo V, Goebel LJ. Sclerosing Mesenteritis: A Rare Cause of Abdominal Pain. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e28573. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28573.

7. Crane JT, Aguilar MJ, Grimes OF. Isolated lipodystrophy, a form of mesenteric tumor. Am J Surg. 1955;90(2):169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(55)90748-0.

8. Brodoff M, Hoffman WA, Deluca VA, Jr Spiro. Intestinal lipodystrophy (Whipple’s disease); diagnosis by small-intestine biopsy tube. J Am Med Assoc. 1959;171:154–157. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1959.03010200022006.

9. Ogden WW, Bradburn DM, Rives JD. Pannicultis of the mesentery. Ann Surg. 1960;151:659–668. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658196005000-00006.

10. Kipfer RE, Moertel CG, Dahlin DC. Mesenteric lipodystrophy. Ann Intern Med. 1974;80:582–588. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-80-5-582.

11. Emory TS, Monihan JM, Carr NJ, Sobin LH. Sclerosing mesenteritis, mesenteric panniculitis and mesenteric lipodystrophy: a single entity? Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:392–398. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199704000-00004.

12. Ayala Gutiérrez Mdel M, de Ramón Garrido E. Paniculitis mesentérica [Mesenteric panniculitis]. Med Clin (Barc). 2016;146(11):497–505. (In Spanish.) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2016.01.015.

13. Wagner C, Dachman A, Ehrenpreis ED. Mesenteric Panniculitis, Sclerosing Mesenteritis and Mesenteric Lipodystrophy: Descriptive Review of a Rare Condition. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2022;35(4):342–348. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743588.

14. Danford CJ, Lin SC, Wolf JL. Sclerosing Mesenteritis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(6):867–873. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000167.

15. Gögebakan Ö, Osterhoff MA, Albrecht T. Mesenteric Panniculitis (MP): A Frequent Coincidental CT Finding of Debatable Clinical Significance. Rofo. 2018;190(11):1044–1052. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0633-3558.

16. Coulier B. Mesenteric panniculitis. Part 2: prevalence and natural course: MDCT prospective study. JBR-BTR. 2011;94:241–246. https://doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.659.

17. Badet N, Sailley N, Briquez C, Paquette B, Vuitton L, Delabrousse É. Mesenteric panniculitis: still an ambiguous condition. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(3):251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2014.12.002.

18. van Putte-Katier N, van Bommel EF, Elgersma OE, Hendriksz TR. Mesenteric panniculitis: prevalence, clinicoradiological presentation and 5-year follow-up. Br J Radiol. 2014;87(1044):20140451. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20140451.

19. Ishiyama M, Matesan M. Mesenteric panniculitis mimicking early recurrence at end-of-treatment evaluation in malignant lymphoma: Differentiation by active surveillance with F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(7):1006–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2020.04.062.

20. Protin-Catteau L, Thiéfin G, Barbe C, Jolly D, Soyer P, Hoeffel C. Mesenteric panniculitis: review of consecutive abdominal MDCT examinations with a matched-pair analysis. Acta Radiol. 2016;57(12):1438–1444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0284185116629829.

21. Kuhrmeier A. Mesenteric lipodystrophy. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1985;115:1218–1224. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-110100.

22. Daskalogiannaki M, Voloudaki A, Prassopoulos P, Magkanas E, Stefanaki K, Apostolaki E, Gourtsoyiannis N. CT evaluation of mesenteric panniculitis: prevalence and associated diseases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(2):427–431. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.174.2.1740427.

23. Nyberg L, Björk J, Björkdahl P, Ekberg O, Sjöberg K, Vigren L. Sclerosing mesenteritis and mesenteric panniculitis – clinical experience and radiological features. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017;17(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-017-0632-7.

24. Soyer P, Hoeffel C, Zins M. Mesenteric panniculitis: more research is needed. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96:225–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2015.02.003.

25. Esposito F, Di Serafino M, Mauro A, Mercogliano C, Cocco C, Zenzeri L et al. Not only fat: omental infarction and its mimics in children. Clinical and ultrasound findings: a pictorial review. J Ultrasound. 2020;23(4):621–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-020-00492-5.

26. Açarı C, Ünsal E, HAKGÜDER G, Soylu A, Özer E. Pediatric mesenteric panniculitis: three cases and a review of the literature. Turk J Pediatr. 2019;61(5):798–803. https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2019.05.024.

27. Sharma P, Yadav S, Needham CM, Feuerstadt P. Sclerosing mesenteritis: a systematic review of 192 cases. Clin J Gastroenterol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12328-017-0716-5.

28. Endo K, Moroi R, Sugimura M, Fujishima F, Naitoh T, Tanaka N et al. Refractory sclerosing mesenteritis involving the small intestinal mesentery: a case report and literature review. Intern Med. 2014;53(13):1419–1427. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1813.

29. Kgomo M, Elnagar A, Mashoshoe K. Mesenteric panniculitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;2017:bcr-2017-220910. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr2017-220910.

30. Zhao ME, Zhang LQ, Ren L, Li ZW, Xu XL, Wang HJ et al. A case report of mesenteric panniculitis. J Int Med Res. 2019;47(7):3354–3359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060519845785.

31. Беловол АН, Князькова ИИ, Корчевская АИ. О диагностике мезентериального панникулита. Здоровєя України. 2019;(2):20. Режим доступа: https://health-ua.com/article/42789-o-diagnostike-mezenterialnogo-pannikulita.

32. Canyigit M, Koksal A, Akgoz A, Kara T, Sarisahin M, Akhan O. Multidetector-row computed tomography findings of sclerosing mesenteritis with associated diseases and its prevalence. Jpn J Radiol. 2011;29(7):495–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-011-0587-5.

33. Emory TS, Monihan JM, Carr NJ, Sobin LH. Sclerosing mesenteritis, mesenteric panniculitis and mesenteric lipodystrophy: a single entity? Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21(4):392–398. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199704000-00004.

34. Ghanem N, Pache G, Bley T, Kotter E, Langer M. MR findings in a rare case of sclerosing mesenteritis of the mesocolon. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;21(5):632–636. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20280.

35. Milner RD, Mitchinson MJ. Systemic weber-christian disease. J Clin Pathol. 1965;18(2):150–156. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.18.2.150.

36. Alegre VA, Winkelmann RK. Histiocytic cytophagic panniculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20(2 Pt 1):177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70018-9

37. Schäffler A, Schölmerich J, BÜCHLER C. Mechanisms of disease: adipocytokines and visceral adipose tissue-emerging role in intestinal and mesenteric diseases. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;2(2):103–111. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpgasthep0090.

38. Wat SY, Harish S, Winterbottom A, Choudhary AK, Freeman AH. The CT appearances of sclerosing mesenteritis and associated diseases. Clin Radiol. 2006;61(8):652–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2006.02.012.

39. Akram S, Pardi DS, Schaffner JA, Smyrk TC. Sclerosing mesenteritis: clinical features, treatment, and outcome in ninety-two patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(5):589-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2007.02.032.

40. Pinheiro FI, Menezes Rêgo AC, ArAÚJO-Filho I. Mesenteric panniculitis in the elderly – update on diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Int J Surg Med. 2016;2(3):127–133. Available at: https://journalmedica.com/sclerosing-mesenteritis-treatment.

41. Mahafza WS, Manzalawi KA, Gharaibeh AA, Khayat OW, Shahait A, Juweid ME. Diagnosis of mesenteric panniculitis in the multi-detector computed tomography era. Association with malignancy and surgical history. Saudi Med J. 2017;38(10):1013–1018. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.10.20163

42. Nasta AM, Patel D, Shrivastav O, Goel M, Shrimal A, Gupte A, Goel R. Mesenteric Panniculitis-First Case Series After Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg. 2018;28(3):881–885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-3103-x.

43. Gray EJ, Darvishzadeh A, Sharma A, Ganeshan D, Faria SC, Lall C. Mesenteric Panniculitis (MP) in CT – A Predictor of Malignancy? Cancer therapy-related complications in the bowel and mesentery: an imaging perspective. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2016;41(10):2031–2047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-016-0799-3.

44. Irwin CP, Lee JB, Kim A, Eme I, Schofield C, Mount G. Mesenteric Panniculitis Presenting as Fever of Unknown Etiology in a Patient with History of Abdominal Surgery. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2018;2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5658039.

45. Gunes SO, Akturk Y, Guldogan ES, Yilmaz KB, Ergun O, Hekimoglu B. Association between mesenteric panniculitis and non-neoplastic disorders. Clin Imaging. 2021;79:219–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.05.006.

46. Tavares Pereira JP, Romão V, Eulálio M, Jorge R, Breda F, Calretas S et al. Sclerosing mesenteritis and disturbance of glucose metabolism: A new relationship? A case series. Am J Case Rep. 2016;17:55–59. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.896145.

47. Hamano H, Kawa S, Horiuchi A, Unno H, Furuya N, Akamatsu T et al. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:732–738. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200103083441005.

48. Minato H, Shimizu J, Arano Y, Saito K, Masunaga T, Sakashita T, Nojima T. IgG4-related sclerosing mesenteritis: a rare mesenteric disease of unknown etiology. Pathol Int. 2012;62(4):281–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02805.x.

49. Nomura Y, Naito Y, Eriguchi N, Kume T, Itai N, Sonoda H et al. A case of IgG4-related sclerosing mesenteritis. Pathol Res Pract. 2011;207(8):518–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2011.05.009.

50. Avincsal MO, Otani K, Kanzawa M, Fujikura K, Jimbo N, Morinaga Y et al. Sclerosing mesenteritis: A real manifestation or histological mimic of IgG4-related disease? Pathol Int. 2016;66(3):158–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/pin.12386.

51. Liu Z, Jiao Y, He L, Wang H, Wang D. A rare case report of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing mesenteritis and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(41):e22579. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022579.

52. Bertoni M, Giani A, Tozzini S, Di Natale ME. Sclerosing Mesenteritis as an Uncommon Site of Involvement of IgG4-Related Disease: A Case Report With an Updated Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2022;14(5):e25041. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25041.

53. Meyyur Aravamudan V, Khan SR, Natarajan SK, Hussain I. The Complex Relationship between Mesenteric Panniculitis and Malignancy – A Holistic Approach is Still Needed to Understand the Diagnostic Uncertainties. Cureus. 2019;11(9):e5569. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5569.

54. Wilkes A, Griffin N, Dixon L, Dobbs B, Frizelle FA. Mesenteric panniculitis: a paraneoplastic phenomenon? Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55(7):806–809. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0b013e318252e286.

55. Goh J, Otridge B, Brady H, Breatnach E, Dervan P, MacMathuna P. Aggressive multiple myeloma presenting as mesenteric panniculitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(1):238–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03384.x.

56. Ege G, Akman H, Cakiroglu G. Mesenteric panniculitis associated with abdominal tuberculous lymphadenitis: a case report and review of the literature. Br J Radiol. 2002;75(892):378–380. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.75.892.75037.

57. Gögebakan Ö, Albrecht T, Osterhoff MA, Reimann A. Is mesenteric panniculitis truely a paraneoplastic phenomenon? A matched pair analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(11):1853–1859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.06.023.

58. Badet N, Sailley N, Briquez C, Paquette B, Vuitton L, Delabrousse É. Mesenteric panniculitis: still an ambiguous condition. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2014.12.002.

59. Khasminsky V, Ram E, Atar E, Steinminz A, Issa N, Bachar GN. Is there an association between mesenteric panniculitis and lymphoma? A case control analysis. Clin Radiol. 2017;72:844–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2017.05.008.

60. Halligan S, Plumb A, Taylor S. Mesenteric panniculitis: systematic review of cross-sectional imaging findings and risk of subsequent malignancy. Eur Radiol. 2016;26:4531–4537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4298-2.

61. Hussain I, Ishrat S, Aravamudan VM, Khan SR, Mohan BP, Lohan R et al. Mesenteric panniculitis does not confer an increased risk for cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(17):e29143. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029143.

62. Vlachos K, Archontovasilis F, Falidas E, Mathioulakis S, Konstandoudakis S, Villias C. Sclerosing Mesenteritis: Diverse clinical presentations and dissimilar treatment options. A case series and review of the literature. Int Arch Med. 2011;4:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-7682-4-17.

63. Signorelli SS, Fiore V, Mangiafico M, Giuseppe C. The chance case history of an unusual disease: mesenteric panniculitis. Intern Emerg Med. 2015;10(7):883–884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-015-1244-2.

64. Green MS, Chhabra R, Goyal H. Sclerosing mesenteritis: a comprehensive clinical review. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(17):336. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2018.07.01.

65. Klymenko V, Varughese R, Woolley KA, Wetherell JM, Mopuru H, Mensah E, Siddiqui I. Debilitating Manifestation of a Disease with Multiple Names: A Severe Case of Sclerosing Mesenteritis. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2021;2021:6629424. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6629424.

66. Stoica M, Gorea A, Scorpan A, Istrati V. Paniculita mezenterica. Etiopatogenie. tablou clinic. Metode de diagnostic. Tratament. Sănătate Publică, Economie şi Management în Medicină. 2020;85(3):82–88. Available at: https://repository.usmf.md/bitstream/20.500.12710/14443/1/PANICULITA_MEZENTERICA.pdf.

67. Wat SY, Harish S, Winterbottom A, Choudhary AK, Freeman AH. The CT appearances of sclerosing mesenteritis and associated diseases. Clin Radiol. 2006;61(8):652–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2006.02.012.

68. Hussein MR, Abdelwahed SR. Mesenteric panniculitis: an update. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;9(1):67–78. https://doi.org/10.1586/17474124.2014.939632.

69. Horton KM, Lawler LP, Fishman EK. CT findings in sclerosing mesenteritis (panniculitis): spectrum of disease. Radiographics. 2003;23:1561–1567. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.1103035010.

70. Arai Y, Matsuura T, Matsuura M, Fujiwara M, Okayasu I, Ito S, Arihiro S. Prostaglandin E-Major Urinary Metabolite as a Biomarker for Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis: Prostaglandins Revisited. Digestion. 2016;93(1):32–39. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441665.

71. Nuzzo A, Zappa M, Cazals-Hatem D, Bouhnik Y. Crohn’s disease mistaken forlong-standing idiopathic mesenteric panniculitis: A case report and management algorithm. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(39):e5073. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005073.

72. Horikiri T, Hara H, Saito N, Araya J, Takasaka N, Utsumi H et al. Increased levels of prostaglandin E-major urinary metabolite (PGE-MUM) in chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia. Respir Med. 2017;122:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2016.11.017.

73. Mizuno S, Wakui M, Machida Y, Hosoe N, Hisamatsu T, Ishida T et al. Increased levels of prostaglandin E-major urinary metabolite (PGE-MUM) in active mesenteric panniculitis patients: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(51):e9237. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009237.

74. Sevinc A, Adli M, Kalender ME, Camci C. Benign causes of increased serum CA-125 concentration. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(12):1054–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70357-1.

75. Miralles C, Orea M, España P, Provencio M, Sánchez A, Cantos B et al. Cancer antigen 125 associated with multiple benign and malignant pathologies. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10(2):150–154. https://doi.org/10.1245/aso.2003.05.015.

76. Michaud Maturana M, Panayotidis I, Psarelis S, Nakos G, Nikiphorou E. Elevated CA-125 in IgG4 mesenteritis: a red herring or a disease biomarker? Case report and literature review. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39(7):1285–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-018-4145-7.

77. Diab R, Virarkar M, Saleh M, Elsheif S, Javadi S, Bhosale P, Faria S. Imaging spectrum of mesenteric masses. Abdom Radiol. 2020;45: 3618–3636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02535-1.

78. van Breda Vriesman AC, Schuttevaer HM, Coerkamp EG, Puylaert JB. Mesenteric panniculitis: US and CT features. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(12):2242–2248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2429-7.

79. Rosón N, Garriga V, Cuadrado M, Pruna X, Carbó S, Vizcaya S et al. Sonographic findings of mesenteric panniculitis: correlation with CT and literature review. J Clin Ultrasound. 2006;34(4):169–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.20214

80. Nakatani K, Nakamoto Y, Togashi K. FDG-PET/CT assessment of misty mesentery: Feasibility for distinguishing viable mesenteric malignancy from stable conditions. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:e380–e385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.03.016.

81. Sato M, Ishida H, Konno K, Komatsuda T, Naganuma H, Watanabe S, Ohyama Y, Itoh M, Mukojima T, Sakai T. Mesenteric panniculitis: sonographic findings. Abdom Imaging. 2000;25(2):142–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002619902004.

82. Dufay C, Abdelli A, Le Pennec V, Chiche L. Mesenteric tumors: Diagnosis and treatment. J Visc Surg. 2012;149:e239-e251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2012.05.005.

83. Safai Zadeh E, Keber CU, Dietrich CF, Westhoff CC, GÜNTER C, Beutel B et al. Perfusion Patterns of Peripheral Pulmonary Granulomatous Lesions Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) and Their Correlation with Immunohistochemically Detected Vascularization Patterns. J Ultrasound Med. 2021;41:565–574. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.15730.

84. Alhyari A, Görg C, Dietrich CF, Trenker C, Strauch L, Safai Zadeh E. ARFI elastography of the omentum: feasibility and diagnostic performance in differentiating benign from malignant omental masses. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2022;9(1):e000901. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2022-000901.

85. Westwood M, Joore M, Grutters J, Redekop K, Armstrong N, Lee K et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using SonoVue® (sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles) compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the characterisation of focal liver lesions and detection ofliver metastases: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17(16):1–243. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta17160.

86. Safai Zadeh E, Dietrich CF, Amjad A, Trenker C, Görg C. Transcutaneous B-Mode Ultrasound (TUS) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) pattern of mediastinal tumors: A Pictorial Essay. J Ultrason. 2021;21:e340-e347. https://doi.org/10.15557/JoU.2021.0056.

87. Aslan S, Nural MS. CT features of asymptomatic heterotopic pancreas in jejunal mesentery. Turk. J Gastroenterol. 2019;30:208–210. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2018.18064.

88. Alhyari A, Görg C, Dietrich CF, Kawohl S, Safai Zadeh E. Diagnostic Performance of Point Shear Wave Elastography (pSWE) Using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Technology in Mesenteric Masses: A Feasibility Study. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(2):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020523.

89. Ferraioli G, Barr RG, Farrokh A, Radzina M, Cui XW, Dong Y et al. How to perform shear wave elastography. Part I. Med Ultrason. 2022;24:95–106. https://doi.org/10.11152/mu-3217.

90. Alzahrani TS, Alharbi AH, Al Homoudi AI, Reidi AA, Alshehri FA, Alsarraj NF et al. Mesenteric Panniculitis: A Rare Condition in a Patient With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20136. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.20136.

91. Coulier В. Mesenteric panniculitis. Part 1: MDCT-pictorial review. JBR-BTR. 2011;94(5):229–240. https://doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.658.

92. Grégory J, Dana J, Yang I, Chong J, Drevon L, Ronot M et al. CT features associated with underlying malignancy in patients with diagnosed mesenteric panniculitis. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2022;103(9):394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2022.06.009.

93. Kajihara Y. Sclerosing Mesenteritis: “Fat Ring Sign”. Chonnam Med J. 2022;58(3):135. https://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2022.58.3.135.

94. Beyer LP, Schreyer A. „Misty mesentery“: Mesenteriale Pannikulitis und verwandte Prozesse [Misty mesentery: Mesenteric panniculitis and associated processes]. Radiologe. 2018 ;58(1):56–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-017-0330-z.

95. Buchwald P, Diesing L, Dixon L, Wakeman C, Eglinton T, Dobbs B, Frizelle F. Cohort study of mesenteric panniculitis and its relationship to malignancy. Br J Surg. 2016;103(12):1727–1730. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10229.

96. Watanabe T, Terai S, Tsukada T, Takeshita M, Matsui K, Amaya K et al. Sclerosing mesenteritis mimicking metachronous peritoneal metastases from descending colon adenocarcinoma. World J Surg Oncol. 2017;15(1):142. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-017-1214-4.

97. Ezhapilli SR, Moreno CC, Small WC, Hanley K, Kitajima HD, Mittal PK. Mesenteric masses: approach to differential diagnosis at MRI with histopathologic correlation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;40(4):753–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24690.

98. Ishiyama M, Matesan M. Mesenteric panniculitis mimicking early recurrence at end-of-treatment evaluation in malignant lymphoma: Differentiation by active surveillance with F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(7):1006–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2020.04.062.

99. Barrington SF, Kluge R. FDG PET for therapy monitoring in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44(Suppl. 1):97–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3690-8.

100. Gunes SO, Akturk Y, Guldogan ES, Yilmaz KB, Ergun O, Hekimoglu B. Association between mesenteric panniculitis and non-neoplastic disorders. Clin Imaging. 2021;79:219–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.05.006.

101. McLaughlin PD, Filippone A, Maher MM. The “misty mesentery”: mesenteric panniculitis and its mimics. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200(2):W116–W123. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.8493.

102. Mendelsohn RE, Jeffrey RB Jr, Lane MJ, Silverman PM. The misty mesentery on CT: differential diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167(1): 61–65. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.167.1.8659422.

103. Ha HK, Jung JI, Lee MS, Choi BG, Lee MG, Kim YH et al. CT differentiation of tuberculous peritonitis and peritoneal carcinomatosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167(3):743–748. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.167.3.8751693.

104. Sheth S, Horton KM, Garland MR, Fishman EK. Mesenteric neoplasms: CT appearances of primary and secondary tumors and differential diagnosis. Radiographics. 2003;23(2):457–473. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.232025081.

105. Joerger M, Nuessli DF, Henz S, Zaunbauer W, Cerny T, Cogliatti SB, Gillessen S. CT-diagnosed mesenteric alterations in patients with nonHodgkin’s lymphoma: a population-based study. Onkologie. 2008;31(10):514–519. https://doi.org/10.1159/000151624.

106. Zissin R, Metser U, Hain D, Even-Sapir E. Mesenteric panniculitis in oncologic patients: PET-CT findings. Br J Radiol. 2006;79(937):37–43. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/29320216.

107. Horton KM, Lawler LP, Fishman EK. CT findings in sclerosing mesenteritis (panniculitis): spectrum of disease. Radiographics. 2003;23(6):1561–1567. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.1103035010.

108. Alsuhaimi MA, Alshowaiey RA, Alsumaihi AS, Aldhafeeri SM. Mesenteric panniculitis various presentations and management: A single institute ten years, experience. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;80:104203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104203.

109. Grundy SM. Adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome: too much, too little or neither. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015;45(11):1209–1217. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12519.

110. Aguilar-García JJ, Alcaide-León P, Vargas-Serrano B. Necrosis grasa intraabdominal [Intraabdominal fat necrosis]. Radiologia. 2012;54(5):449–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2011.07.006.

111. Singh AK, Gervais DA, Hahn PF, Sagar P, Mueller PR, Novelline RA. Acute epiploic appendagitis and its mimics. Radiographic. 2005;25(6):1521–1534. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.256055030.

112. Schnedl WJ, Krause R, Tafeit E, Tillich M, Lipp RW, Wallner-Liebmann SJ et al. Insights into epiploic appendagitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8(1):45–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2010.189.

113. Giannis D, Matenoglou E, Sidiropoulou MS, Papalampros A, Schmitz R, Felekouras E, Moris D. Epiploic appendagitis: pathogenesis, clinical findings and imaging clues of a misdiagnosed mimicker. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(24):814. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.12.74.

114. Kamaya A, Federle MP, Desser TS. Imaging manifestations of abdominal fat necrosis and its mimics. Radiographics. 2011;31(7):2021–2034. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.317115046.

115. Patel RK, Mittal S, Singh S. Imaging of Mischievous Intra-abdominal Fat Presenting with Abdominal Pain: A Pictorial Review. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol. 2022;12(1):45–49. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1355.

116. Catania VD, di Giacomo V, Bonomo R, Guarino N. Omental infarction in children misdiagnosed as acute appendicitis. Ann Pediatr Surg. 2015;11(3):200–202. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.XPS.0000464143.40761.b2

117. Tonerini M, Calcagni F, Lorenzi S, Scalise P, Grigolini A, Bemi P. Omental infarction and its mimics: imaging features of acute abdominal conditions presenting with fat stranding greater than the degree of bowel wall thickening. Emerg Radiol. 2015;22(4):431–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-015-1302-0.

118. Baldisserotto M, Maffazzoni DR, Dora MD. Omental infarction in children: color Doppler sonography correlated with surgery and pathology findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(1):156–162. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.184.1.01840156.

119. Noel P, Patel K, Durgampudi C, Trivedi RN, de Oliveira C, Crowell MD et al. Peripancreatic fat necrosis worsens acute pancreatitis independent of pancreatic necrosis via unsaturated fatty acids increased in human pancreatic necrosis collections. Gut. 2016;65(1): 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308043.

120. Gupta P, Dawra S, Chandel K, Samanta J, Mandavdhare H, Sharma V et al. Fat-modified computed tomography severity index (CTSI) is a better predictor of severity and outcome in patients with acute pancreatitis compared with modified CTSI. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2020;45(5):1350–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02473-y.

121. Kaya C, Bozkurt E, Yazıcı P, İdiz UO, Tanal M, Mihmanlı M. Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of mesenteric panniculitis from the surgical point of view. Turk J Surg. 2018;34(2):121–124. https://doi.org/10.5152/turkjsurg.2018.3881.

122. Wagner C, Dachman A, Ehrenpreis ED. Mesenteric Panniculitis, Sclerosing Mesenteritis and Mesenteric Lipodystrophy: Descriptive Review of a Rare Condition. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2022;35(4):342–348. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743588.

123. Dahiya DS, Kichloo A, Singh J, Albosta MS, Wani F, Aljadah M, Haq KF. Acute Recurrent Exacerbations of Mesenteric Panniculitis With Immunosuppressive Therapy: A Case Report and a Brief Review. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2020;8:2324709620969581. https://doi.org/10.1177/2324709620969581.

124. Sahin A, Artas H, Eroglu Y, Tunc N, Demirel U, Bahcecioglu IH, Yalniz M. An Overlooked Potentially Treatable Disorder: Idiopathic Mesenteric Panniculitis. Med Princ Pract. 2017;26(6):567–572. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484605.

125. Westcott LZ, Wolford D, Maloney TG, Jones RC. Successful treatment of sclerosing mesenteritis with tamoxifen monotherapy. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2022;36(2):231–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2022.2153324.

126. Cortés P, Ghoz HM, Mzaik O, Alhaj Moustafa M, Bi Y, Brahmbhatt B et al. Colchicine as an Alternative First-Line Treatment of Sclerosing Mesenteritis: A Retrospective Study. Dig Dis Sci. 2022;67(6):2403–2412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-021-07081-4.

127. Byriel B, Walker M, Fischer M. Sclerosing Mesenteritis Complicated With Mesenteric Lymphoma Responsive to Ustekinumab. ACG Case Rep J. 2022;9(5):e00757. https://doi.org/10.14309/crj.0000000000000757.

128. Roginsky G, Alexoff A, Ehrenpreis ED. Initial findings of an open-label trial oflow-dose naltrexone for symptomatic mesenteric panniculitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49:794–795. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000398.

129. Kapsoritakis AN, Rizos CD, Delikoukos S, Kyriakou D, Koukoulis GK, Potamianos SP. Retractile mesenteritis presenting with malabsorption syndrome. Successful treatment with oral pentoxifylline. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2008;17(1):91–94. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18392253.

130. Harvin G, Graham A. Sclerosing Mesenteritis: A Rare Cause of Small Bowel Obstruction. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2016;10(1):63–67. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444413.

131. Serena TJ, Solomon Schnurr CA, Pui JC, Gerken JR. Surgical Excision of Sclerosing Mesenteritis, Exploration of an Unknown Mesenteric Mass. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12546. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12546.

132. Eze VN, Halligan S. Mesenteric panniculitis: a clinical conundrum. Br J Radiol. 2023;96(1142):20211369. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20211369.