asurgeryАмбулаторная хирургияAmbulatornaya khirurgiya = Ambulatory Surgery (Russia)2712-87412782-2591ООО «ГРУППА РЕМЕДИУМ»10.21518/akh2023-004asurgery-405Research ArticleОБМЕН ОПЫТОМEXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCE | PRACTICEВозможные механизмы развития флебитоподобной аномальной реакции (PLAR) после цианоакрилатной облитерации варикозных венPossible mechanisms of phlebitis-like abnormal reaction (PLAR) after cyanoacrylate obliteration of varicose veinshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-2434СанниковА. Б.SannikovA. B.

Санников Александр Борисович, к.м.н., сосудистый хирург 

600031, Владимир, ул. Вокзальная, д. 24

Alexander B. Sannikov, Can. Sci. (Med.), Vascular Surgeon 

24, Vokzalnaya St., Vladimir, 160031

aliplast@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7260-4968ШайдаковЕ. В.ShaydakovE. V.

Шайдаков Евгений Владимирович, д.м.н., профессор, президент Санкт-Петербургской ассоциации флебологов, ведущий научный сотрудник; профессор кафедры госпитальной хирургии 

197758, Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, д. 68;185910, Петрозаводск, проспект Ленина, д. 33

Evgeniу V. Shaydakov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, President of the Saint Petersburg Association of Phlebologists; Professor of the Department of Hospital Surgery

68, Leningradskaya St., Pesochnyy Settlement, St Petersburg, 197758;33, Lenin Ave., Petrozavodsk, 185910

evgevyshaydakov@gmail.comКлиника инновационной диагностики «Медика»РоссияInnovation Diagnostic Clinic “MEDICA”Russian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии имени Н.Н. Петрова; Петрозаводский государственный университетРоссияPetrov National Medical center Research Centre; Petrozavodsk State UniversityRussian Federation202330112023202223248Copyright © Санников А.Б., Шайдаков Е.В., 20232023Санников А.Б., Шайдаков Е.В.Sannikov A.B., Shaydakov E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.a-surgeon.ru/jour/article/view/405

На основании собственных исследований и обзора литературы авторы проводят анализ возможных клеточных механизмов развития воспалительной реакции после проведения облитерации варикозных вен цианоакрилатными клеевыми соединениями (ЦАО), получившей в зарубежных источниках название флебитоподобной аномальной реакции (phlebitis like abnormal reaction – PLAR). Несмотря на существующее мнение об «аномальном» характере воспалительной реакции, отмечается, что основные этапы ее развития в полной мере согласуются с известными на сегодня молекулярно- клеточными механизмами ответа биологических тканей на контакт с инородным антигенным веществом и носят закономерный характер. Причиной развития острого альтеративного воспаления в стенке вены является непосредственный контакт эндотелия с агрессивной средой, которой является цианоакрилат. Специфической чертой развития хронического воспаления в стенке вен является продуктивный межуточный его характер, сменяющийся пролиферативными процессами. Основную роль в развитии сменяющих друг друга этапов развития PLAR имеют моноцитарные, тучные и гигантские клетки инородных тел, а также механизмы, лежащие в основе регуляции функциональной активности этих клеток. На протяжении периода биодеградации цианоакрилата клеточное окружение его соответствует всем морфологическим признакам фагоцитомы, активность которой снижается по мере биодеградации цианоакрилата с одновременной соединительнотканной пролиферацией. В основе развития возможного хронического гранулематозного воспаления лежит локальный аутоиммунный процесс, сопряженный с образованием гигантских многоядерных эпителиоидных клеток (клеток Лангерганса). В заключении подчеркивается, что на сегодня при использовании различных цианоакрилатных соединений с целью клеевой облитерации вен, с учетом накопленных клинических данных и проведенных морфологических исследований, окончательные ответы на имеющиеся обоснованные возражения по поводу полной безопасности использования цианоакрилатов в клинической практике должны дать фундаментальные иммуногистохимические и генетические исследования.

Based on their own research and a review of the literature, the authors analyze the possible cellular mechanisms of the development of an inflammatory reaction after the obliteration of varicose veins with cyanoarylate adhesive compounds (CAO), which received the name phlebitis- Like abnormal Reaction (PLAR) in foreign sources. Despite the existing opinion about the “abnormal” nature of the inflammatory reaction, it is noted that the main stages of its development are fully consistent with the currently known molecular and cellular mechanisms of the response of biological tissues to contact with a foreign antigenic substance and are of a natural nature. The cause of the development of acute alterative inflammation in the vein wall is the direct contact of the endothelium with an aggressive environment, which is cyanoacrylate. A specific feature of the development of chronic inflammation in the vein wall is its productive interdaily character, which is replaced by proliferative processes. The main role in the development of successive stages of PLAR development is played by monocytic, mast and giant cells of foreign bodies, as well as the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the functional activity of these cells. During the period of cyanoacrylate biodegradation, its cellular environment corresponds to all morphological features of a phagocytoma, whose activity decreases with the biodegradation of cyanoacrylate with simultaneous connective tissue proliferation. The development of possible chronic granulomatous inflammation is based on a local autoimmune process associated with the formation of giant multinucleated epithelioid cells (Langerhans cells). In conclusion, it is emphasized that today, when using various cyanoacrylate compounds for the purpose of adhesive obliteration of veins, taking into account the accumulated clinical data and morphological studies, the final answers to the existing reasonable objections about the complete safety of the use of cyanoacrylates in clinical practice should be given by fundamental immunohistochemical and genetic studies.

варикозные венынетермическая облитерацияцианоакрилатыклеточный полиморфизмфлебитгранулемагиперчувствительностьvaricose veinsnon-thermal obliterationcyanoacrylatescellular polymorphismphlebitisgranulomahypersensitivityReferencesNicolaides A, Kakkos S, Baekgaard N, Comerota A, de Maeseneer M, Eklof B et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limb. Guidelines according to scientific evidence. Part II. Document developed under the auspices of The European Venous Forum and The International Union of Angiology. Int Angiol. 2020;39(3):175–240. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.20.04388-6.Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Baekgaard N, Comerota A, de Maeseneer M, Eklof B et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limb. Guidelines according to scientific evidence. Part II. Document developed under the auspices of The European Venous Forum and The International Union of Angiology. Int Angiol. 2020;39(3):175–240. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.20.04388-6.Kolluri R, Gibson K, Cher D, Madsen M, Weiss R, Morrison N. Roll-in phase analysis of clinical study of cyanoacrylate closure for incompetent great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(4):407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.06.017.Kolluri R, Gibson K, Cher D, Madsen M, Weiss R, Morrison N. Roll-in phase analysis of clinical study of cyanoacrylate closure for incompetent great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(4):407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.06.017.Proebstle TM, Alm J, Dimitri S, Rasmussen L, Whiteley M, Lawson J et al. The European multicenter cohort study on cyanoacrylate embolization of refluxing great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2015;3(1):2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.09.001.Proebstle TM, Alm J, Dimitri S, Rasmussen L, Whiteley M, Lawson J et al. The European multicenter cohort study on cyanoacrylate embolization of refluxing great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2015;3(1):2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.09.001.Almeida JI, Javier JJ, Mackay E, Bautista C, Proebstle TM. First human use of cyanocrylate adhesive for treatment of saphenous vein incompetence. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013;1(2):174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.j.vsv.2012.09.010.Almeida JI, Javier JJ, Mackay E, Bautista C, Proebstle TM. First human use of cyanocrylate adhesive for treatment of saphenous vein incompetence. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013;1(2):174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.j.vsv.2012.09.010.Morrison N, Gibson K, McEnroe S, Goldman M, King T, Weiss R et al. Randomized trial comparing cyanoacrylate embolozation and radiofrequency ablation for incompetent great saphenous veins(VeClose). J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(4):985–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.11.071.Morrison N, Gibson K, McEnroe S, Goldman M, King T, Weiss R et al. Randomized trial comparing cyanoacrylate embolozation and radiofrequency ablation for incompetent great saphenous veins(VeClose). J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(4):985–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.11.071.Lawson J, Gauw S, van Vlijmen C, Pronk P, Gaastra M, Mooij M, Wittens CH. Sapheon the solution? Phlebology. 2013;28(1):2–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355513475970.Lawson J, Gauw S, van Vlijmen C, Pronk P, Gaastra M, Mooij M, Wittens CH. Sapheon the solution? Phlebology. 2013;28(1):2–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355513475970.Gibson K, Ferris B. Cyanoacrylate closure of incompetent great, small and accessory saphenous veins without the use of post-procedure compression: initial outcomes of a postmarket evaluation of the VenaSeal System (the WAVES Study). Vascular. 2017;25(2):149–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1708538116651014.Gibson K, Ferris B. Cyanoacrylate closure of incompetent great, small and accessory saphenous veins without the use of post-procedure compression: initial outcomes of a postmarket evaluation of the VenaSeal System (the WAVES Study). Vascular. 2017;25(2):149–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1708538116651014.Srinath SR, Sharma G. Review of non-thermal non-tumescent endovenous ablation using cyanoacrylate. Surgery. 2018;14(2):10. https://doi.org/10.7438/1584-9341-14-2-10.Srinath SR, Sharma G. Review of non-thermal non-tumescent endovenous ablation using cyanoacrylate. Surgery. 2018;14(2):10. https://doi.org/10.7438/1584-9341-14-2-10.Park I, Jeong MH, Park CJ, Park WI, Park DW, Joh JH. Clinical features and management of “Phlebitis-like Abnormal Reaction” after cyanoacrylate closure for the treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019;55:239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.07.040.Park I, Jeong MH, Park CJ, Park WI, Park DW, Joh JH. Clinical features and management of “Phlebitis-like Abnormal Reaction” after cyanoacrylate closure for the treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019;55:239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.07.040.Bissacco D, Stegher S, Calliari FM, Viani MP. Saphenous vein ablation with a new cyanoacrylate glue device: a systematic review on 1000 cases. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2019;28(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645706.2018.1464029.Bissacco D, Stegher S, Calliari FM, Viani MP. Saphenous vein ablation with a new cyanoacrylate glue device: a systematic review on 1000 cases. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2019;28(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645706.2018.1464029.Gibson K, Minjarez R, Rinehardt E, Ferris B. Frequency and severity of hypersensitivity reactions in patients after VenaSeal™ cyanoacrylate treatment of superficial venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2020;35(5):337–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355519878618.Gibson K, Minjarez R, Rinehardt E, Ferris B. Frequency and severity of hypersensitivity reactions in patients after VenaSeal™ cyanoacrylate treatment of superficial venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2020;35(5):337–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355519878618.Proebstle T, Alm J, Dimitri S, Rasmussen L, Whiteley M, Lawson J, Davies AH. Three-year follow-up results of the prospective European Multicenter Cohort Study on cyanoacrylate embolization for treatment of refluxing great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(2):329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.019.Proebstle T, Alm J, Dimitri S, Rasmussen L, Whiteley M, Lawson J, Davies AH. Three-year follow-up results of the prospective European Multicenter Cohort Study on cyanoacrylate embolization for treatment of refluxing great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(2):329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.019.Tang TY, Yap CJQ, Chan SL, Soon SXY, Yap HY, Lee SQW et al. Early results (3 months) of an Asian prospective multicenter VenaSeal realworld postmarket evaluation to investigate the efficacy and safety of cyanoacrylate endovenous ablation for varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(2):335–345.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.03.020.Tang TY, Yap CJQ, Chan SL, Soon SXY, Yap HY, Lee SQW et al. Early results (3 months) of an Asian prospective multicenter VenaSeal realworld postmarket evaluation to investigate the efficacy and safety of cyanoacrylate endovenous ablation for varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(2):335–345.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.03.020.Sermsathanasawadi N, Hanaroonsomboon P, Pruekprasert K, Prapassaro T, Puangpunngam N, Hongku K et al. Hypersensitivity reaction after cyanoacrylate closure of incompetent saphenous veins in patients with chronic venous disease: A retrospective study. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(4):910–915.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.074.Sermsathanasawadi N, Hanaroonsomboon P, Pruekprasert K, Prapassaro T, Puangpunngam N, Hongku K et al. Hypersensitivity reaction after cyanoacrylate closure of incompetent saphenous veins in patients with chronic venous disease: A retrospective study. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9(4):910–915.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.074.Sumarli SA, Lee QWS, Yap HY, Tay HTL, Chong TT, Tang TY. Exit site complications following cyanoacrylate glue endovenous ablation of incompetent truncal veins for chronic venous insufficiency. J VascSurg Cases Innov Tech. 2020;6(4):500–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.08.010.Sumarli SA, Lee QWS, Yap HY, Tay HTL, Chong TT, Tang TY. Exit site complications following cyanoacrylate glue endovenous ablation of incompetent truncal veins for chronic venous insufficiency. J VascSurg Cases Innov Tech. 2020;6(4):500–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.08.010.Yang GK, Parapini M, Gagnon J, Chen JC. Comparison of cyanoacrylate embolization and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of varicose veins. Phlebology. 2019;34(4):278–283.https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355518794105.Yang GK, Parapini M, Gagnon J, Chen JC. Comparison of cyanoacrylate embolization and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of varicose veins. Phlebology. 2019;34(4):278–283.https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355518794105.Chen O, Hajian H, Varcoe RL, Thomas SD. Infective thrombophlebitis after great saphenous vein cyanoacrylate embolozation. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2021;7(3):577–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2021.05.011.Chen O, Hajian H, Varcoe RL, Thomas SD. Infective thrombophlebitis after great saphenous vein cyanoacrylate embolozation. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2021;7(3):577–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2021.05.011.Masato N, Toshifumi K. Septicemia after cyanoacrylate glue closure of varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2022;8(4):653–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2022.09.008.Masato N, Toshifumi K. Septicemia after cyanoacrylate glue closure of varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2022;8(4):653–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2022.09.008.Мурзина ЕЛ, Лобастов КВ, Барганджия АБ, Лаберко ЛА, Попов ИБ. Среднесрочные результаты цианоакрилатной эмболизации магистральных подкожных вен. Флебология. 2020;(4):311–321.https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo202014041311.Murzina EL, Lobastov KV, Bargandzhiya AB, Laberko LA, Popov IB. Mid-term results of cyanoacrylate embolization of saphenous veins. Flebologiya. 2020;(4):311–321. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo202014041311.Ширинбек О, Одинокова СН. Цианоакрилатная клеевая облитерация подкожных вен. Флебология. 2021;(4):297–303.https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo202115041297.Shirinbek O, Odinokova SN. Cyanoacrylate adhesive closure of saphenous veins. Flebologiya. 2021;(4):297–303. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/flebo202115041297.Санников АБ, Шайдаков ЕВ, Емельяненко ВМ, Дроздова ИВ, Демиденко ЯА. О возможности использования клеевой композиции «Сульфакрилат» для облитерации варикозных вен нижних конечностей. Новости хирургии. 2020;(3):259–267. https://doi.org/10.18484/2305-0047.2020.3.258.Sannikov AB, Shajdakov EV, Emelyanenko VM, Drozdova IV, Demidenko YаA. On the Possibility of Using the Adhesive Composition “Sulfacrylate” for Obliteration of Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities. Novosti Khirurgii. 2020;(3):259–267. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18484/2305-0047.2020.3.258.Шайдаков ЕВ, Санников АБ, Беленцов СМ. Использование клеевых адгезивов для облитерации магистральных варикозно расширенных вен (многоцентровое сравнительное исследование). Ангиология и cосудистая хирургия. 2022;(1):41–50.https://doi.org/10.33029/1027-6661-2022-28-1-41-49.Shaydakov EV, Sannikov AB, Belentsov SM. Use of glue adhesives for obliteration of major varicose veins (multicenter comparative study). Angiologiia i sosudistaia khirurgiia = Angiology and Vascular Surgery. 2022;(1):41–49. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33029/1027-6661-2022-28-1-41-49.Görkem Y. Risk factors and management of phlebitis-Like abnormal reaction after cyanoacrylate closure of truncal varicose vein insufficiency. Turkish Journal of Vascular Surgery.2022;31(2):78–85. https://doi.org/10.9739/tjvs.2022.1167.Görkem Y. Risk factors and management of phlebitis-Like abnormal reaction after cyanoacrylate closure of truncal varicose vein insufficiency. Turkish Journal of Vascular Surgery.2022;31(2):78–85. https://doi.org/10.9739/tjvs.2022.1167.Санников АБ, Шайдаков ЕВ, Емельяненко ВМ, Толстикова ТГ. Экспериментальное клиническое исследование по использованию отечественного адгезива в облитерации варикозно измененных вен у человека. Амбулаторная хирургия. 2020;(3–4):113–123.Sannikov AB, Shaydakov EV, Emelyanenko VM, Tolstikova TG. Experimental clinical study on the using of adhesive in the obliteration of varicose veins in human. Ambulatornaya Khirurgiya. 2020;(3–4):113–123. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/1995-1477-2020-3-4-113-123.Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S. Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells. Brief Funct Genomics. 2022;21(3):159–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elac002.Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S. Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells. Brief Funct Genomics. 2022;21(3):159–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elac002.Wheater PR, Stevens A. Wheater’s basic histopathology: a color atlas and text. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. 295 p.Wheater PR, Stevens A. Wheater’s basic histopathology: a color atlas and text. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. 295 p.Ярилин АА. Иммунология. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2010. 752 c.Ярилин АА. Иммунология. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2010. 752 c.Tecchio C, Micheletti A, Cassatella MA. Neutrophil-derived cytokines: facts beyond expression. Front Immunol. 2014;5:508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00508.Tecchio C, Micheletti A, Cassatella MA. Neutrophil-derived cytokines: facts beyond expression. Front Immunol. 2014;5:508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00508.Mescher AL. Junqueira’s Basic Histology. McGraw-Hill Edition, 2016. 544 p.Mescher AL. Junqueira’s Basic Histology. McGraw-Hill Edition, 2016. 544 p.Evers TMJ, Sheikhhassani V, Haks MC, Storm C, Ottenhoff THM, Mashaghi A. Single-cell analysis reveals chemokine-mediated differential regulation of monocyte mechanics. iScience. 2022;25(1):103555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103555.Evers TMJ, Sheikhhassani V, Haks MC, Storm C, Ottenhoff THM, Mashaghi A. Single-cell analysis reveals chemokine-mediated differential regulation of monocyte mechanics. iScience. 2022;25(1):103555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103555.Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Ancuta P, Crowe S, Dalod M, Grau V, Hart DN et al. Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood. Blood. 2010;116(16):e74–80. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-02-258558.Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Ancuta P, Crowe S, Dalod M, Grau V, Hart DN et al. Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood. Blood. 2010;116(16):e74–80. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-02-258558.Collison JL, Carlin LM, Eichmann M, Geissmann F, Peakman M. Heterogeneity in the Locomotory Behavior of Human Monocyte Subsets over Human Vascular Endothelium In Vitro. J Immunol. 2015;195(3):1162–1170. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1401806.Collison JL, Carlin LM, Eichmann M, Geissmann F, Peakman M. Heterogeneity in the Locomotory Behavior of Human Monocyte Subsets over Human Vascular Endothelium In Vitro. J Immunol. 2015;195(3):1162–1170. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1401806.Ghattas A, Griffiths HR, Devitt A, Lip GY, Shantsila E. Monocytes in coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis: where are we now? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(17):1541–1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.043.Ghattas A, Griffiths HR, Devitt A, Lip GY, Shantsila E. Monocytes in coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis: where are we now? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(17):1541–1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.043.Хаитов РМ. Иммунология: структура и функции иммунной системы. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2019. 328 с.Хаитов РМ. Иммунология: структура и функции иммунной системы. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2019. 328 с.Грищенко ЕА. Дендритные клетки: основные представления. Аллергология и иммунология в педиатрии. 2015;(2):9–17. Режим доступа: https://journal.adair.ru/arhiv-vypuskov.Grishchenko EA. Dendriticcells: basicrepresentations. Allergology and Immunology in Pediatrics. 2015;(2):9–17. (In Russ.) Available at: https://journal.adair.ru/arhiv-vypuskov.McKenna K, Beignon A, Bhardwaj N. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Linking Innate and Adaptive Immunity. J Virol. 2005;79(1):17–27. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.1.17-27.2005.McKenna K, Beignon A, Bhardwaj N. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Linking Innate and Adaptive Immunity. J Virol. 2005;79(1):17–27. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.1.17-27.2005.Бурместер ГР, Пецутто А. Наглядная иммунология. М.; 2014. 320 с.Бурместер ГР, Пецутто А. Наглядная иммунология. М.; 2014. 320 с.Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S. Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells. Brief Funct Genomics. 2022;21(3):159–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elac002.Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S. Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells. Brief Funct Genomics. 2022;21(3):159–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elac002.Reise SC, Hieny S, Scharton-Kersten T, Jankovic D, Charest H, Germain RN, Sher A. In Vivo Microbial Stimulation Induces Rapid CD40 Ligand–independent Production of Interleukin 12 by Dendritic Cells and their Redistribution to T Cell Areas. J Exp Med. 1997;186(11):1819–1829. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.186.11.1819.Reise SC, Hieny S, Scharton-Kersten T, Jankovic D, Charest H, Germain RN, Sher A. In Vivo Microbial Stimulation Induces Rapid CD40 Ligand–independent Production of Interleukin 12 by Dendritic Cells and their Redistribution to T Cell Areas. J Exp Med. 1997;186(11):1819–1829. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.186.11.1819.Талаев ВЮ. Механизмы управления миграцией миелоидных дендритных клеток и клеток Лангерганса. Иммунология. 2012;(2):104–112. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mehanizmy-upravleniya-migratsiey-mieloidnyh-dendritnyh-kletok-i-kletoklangergansa/viewer.Talaev VYu. The mechanisms controllingmigration of myeloid dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. Immunologiya. 2012;(2):104–112. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mehanizmy-upravleniya-migratsiey-mieloidnyh-dendritnyh-kletok-i-kletoklangergansa/viewer.Недоспасов СА, Купраш ДВ. Иммунология по Ярилину. М.:ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2021. 808 с.Недоспасов СА, Купраш ДВ. Иммунология по Ярилину. М.:ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2021. 808 с.Rawstron AC. Immunophenotyping of plasma cells. Curr Protoc Cytom. 2006;Chapter 6:Unit6.23. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142956.cy0623s36.Rawstron AC. Immunophenotyping of plasma cells. Curr Protoc Cytom. 2006;Chapter 6:Unit6.23. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142956.cy0623s36.Samitas K, Lötvall J, Bossios A. B cells: from early development to regulating allergic diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2010;58(3):209–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-010-0073-2.Samitas K, Lötvall J, Bossios A. B cells: from early development to regulating allergic diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2010;58(3):209–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-010-0073-2.Bona C, Bonilla FA, Soohoo M. Textbook of Immunology. CRC Press; 1996. 102 p.Bona C, Bonilla FA, Soohoo M. Textbook of Immunology. CRC Press; 1996. 102 p.Walport M, Murphy K, Janeway C, Travers PJ. Janeway’s immunobiology. New York: Garland Science; 2008.Walport M, Murphy K, Janeway C, Travers PJ. Janeway’s immunobiology. New York: Garland Science; 2008.Caligaris-Cappio F, Gregoretti MG, Nilsson K. B-Cell Populations. Chem Immunol. 1997;67:103–104. https://doi.org/10.1159/000058681.Caligaris-Cappio F, Gregoretti MG, Nilsson K. B-Cell Populations. Chem Immunol. 1997;67:103–104. https://doi.org/10.1159/000058681.Halliley JL, Tipton CM, Liesveld J, Rosenberg AF, Darce J, Gregoretti IV et al. Long-Lived Plasma Cells Are Contained within the CD19(-) CD38(hi)CD138(+) Subset in Human Bone Marrow. Immunity. 2015;43(1):132–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.016.Halliley JL, Tipton CM, Liesveld J, Rosenberg AF, Darce J, Gregoretti IV et al. Long-Lived Plasma Cells Are Contained within the CD19(-) CD38(hi)CD138(+) Subset in Human Bone Marrow. Immunity. 2015;43(1):132–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.016.Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Sanz I, Lee F. Eun-Hyung. Factors Affecting Early Antibody Secreting Cell Maturation Into Long-Lived Plasma Cells. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02138.Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Sanz I, Lee F. Eun-Hyung. Factors Affecting Early Antibody Secreting Cell Maturation Into Long-Lived Plasma Cells. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02138.Bohannon C, Powers R, Satyabhama L, Cui A, Tipton C, Michaeli M et al. Long-lived antigen-induced IgM plasma cells demonstrate somatic mutations and contribute to long-term protection. Nat Commun. 2016;7(1):11826. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11826.Bohannon C, Powers R, Satyabhama L, Cui A, Tipton C, Michaeli M et al. Long-lived antigen-induced IgM plasma cells demonstrate somatic mutations and contribute to long-term protection. Nat Commun. 2016;7(1):11826. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11826.da Silva EZ, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell. J Histochem Cytochem. 2014;62(10):698–738. https://doi.org/10.1369/0022155414545334.da Silva EZ, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell. J Histochem Cytochem. 2014;62(10):698–738. https://doi.org/10.1369/0022155414545334.Polyzoidis S, Koletsa T, Panagiotidou S, Ashkan K, Theoharides TC. Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0388-3.Polyzoidis S, Koletsa T, Panagiotidou S, Ashkan K, Theoharides TC. Mast cells in meningiomas and brain inflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0388-3.Miao CY, Li CY. The role of perivascular adipose tissue in vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165(3):643–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01404.x.Miao CY, Li CY. The role of perivascular adipose tissue in vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165(3):643–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01404.x.Ren H, Han R, Chen X, Liu X, Wan J, Wang L et al. Potential therapeutic targets for intracerebral hemorrhage-associated inflammation: An update. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2020;40(9):1752–1768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X20923551.Ren H, Han R, Chen X, Liu X, Wan J, Wang L et al. Potential therapeutic targets for intracerebral hemorrhage-associated inflammation: An update. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2020;40(9):1752–1768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X20923551.Atiakshin D, Buchwalov I, Tiemann M. Mast cell chymase: morfofunctional characteristic. Histochem Cell Biol. 2019;152(1):253–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-019-01803-6.Atiakshin D, Buchwalov I, Tiemann M. Mast cell chymase: morfofunctional characteristic. Histochem Cell Biol. 2019;152(1):253–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-019-01803-6.Zola H, Swart B, Banham A, Barry S, Beare A, Bensussan A et al. CD molecules 2006 – human cell differentiation molecules. J Immunol Methods. 2007;319(1–2):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2006.11.001.Zola H, Swart B, Banham A, Barry S, Beare A, Bensussan A et al. CD molecules 2006 – human cell differentiation molecules. J Immunol Methods. 2007;319(1–2):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2006.11.001.Атякшин ДФ, Клочкова СВ, Шишкина ВВ, Никитюк ДБ, Алксеева НТ, Костин АА. Биогенез и секреторные пути химазы тучных клеток: структурно-функциональные аспекты. Гены и Клетки. 2021;(3):33–34. Режим доступа: https://genescells.ru/article/202110004.Atyakshin DF, Klochkova SV, Shishkina VV, Nikityuk DB, Alkseeva NT, Kostin АА. Biogenesis and secretory pathways of mast cell chymase: structural and functional aspects. Genes and Сells. 2021;(3):33–34. (In Russ.) Available at: https://genescells.ru/article/202110004.Rivera J, Cordero JR, Furumoto Y, Luciano-Montalvo C, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Kovarova М. et al. Macromolecular protein signaling complexes and mast cell responses: a view of the organization of IgE-dependent mast cell signaling. Mol Immunol. 2002;38(16–18): 1253–1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00072-x.Rivera J, Cordero JR, Furumoto Y, Luciano-Montalvo C, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Kovarova М. et al. Macromolecular protein signaling complexes and mast cell responses: a view of the organization of IgE-dependent mast cell signaling. Mol Immunol. 2002;38(16–18): 1253–1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00072-x.Abbas AK, Lichman AH, Pilai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. 566 p.Abbas AK, Lichman AH, Pilai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. 566 p.Tsuboi K, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A. Prostanoid receptor subtypes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2002;68–69:535–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00054-0.Tsuboi K, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A. Prostanoid receptor subtypes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2002;68–69:535–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00054-0.Murphy JM, Young IG. IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF signaling: crystal structure of the human beta-common receptor. Vitam Horm. 2006;74:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(06)74001-8.Murphy JM, Young IG. IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF signaling: crystal structure of the human beta-common receptor. Vitam Horm. 2006;74:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(06)74001-8.Suttle MM, Harvima IT. Mast cell chymase in experimentally induced psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2016;43(6):693–696. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13234.Suttle MM, Harvima IT. Mast cell chymase in experimentally induced psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2016;43(6):693–696. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13234.Pejler G, Åbrink M, Ringvall M. Mast cell proteases. In: Pejler G., Åbrink M., Ringvall M. (eds.). Advancesin Immunology. Elsevier; 2007.Pejler G, Åbrink M, Ringvall M. Mast cell proteases. In: Pejler G., Åbrink M., Ringvall M. (eds.). Advancesin Immunology. Elsevier; 2007.Thomas NV, Kim SK. Metalloproteinase inhibitors: status and scope from marine organisms. Biochem Res Int. 2010;2010:845975. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/845975.Thomas NV, Kim SK. Metalloproteinase inhibitors: status and scope from marine organisms. Biochem Res Int. 2010;2010:845975. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/845975.Sheikh Z, Brooks PJ, Barzilay O, Fine N, Glogauer M. Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials. Materials (Basel). 2015;8(9):5671–5701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095269.Sheikh Z, Brooks PJ, Barzilay O, Fine N, Glogauer M. Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials. Materials (Basel). 2015;8(9):5671–5701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095269.Струков АИ, Кауфман ОЯ. Гранулематозное воспаление и гранулематозные болезни. М.: Медицина; 1989. 179 с.Струков АИ, Кауфман ОЯ. Гранулематозное воспаление и гранулематозные болезни. М.: Медицина; 1989. 179 с.Brodbeck WG, Anderson JM. Giant cell formation and function. Curr Opin Hemаtol. 2010;16(1):53– 57. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0b013e32831ac52e.Brodbeck WG, Anderson JM. Giant cell formation and function. Curr Opin Hemаtol. 2010;16(1):53– 57. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0b013e32831ac52e.Murthy T, Janaki KS, Nagarjuna S, Sangeetha P, Sindhura S. Biological response modifiers. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2010;2:2152–2160.Murthy T, Janaki KS, Nagarjuna S, Sangeetha P, Sindhura S. Biological response modifiers. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2010;2:2152–2160.Jeremic A, Kelly M, Cho JA, Horber JK, Jena BP. Calcium drives fusion of snare-apposed bilayers. Cell Biol Int. 2004;28(1):19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2003.11.004.Jeremic A, Kelly M, Cho JA, Horber JK, Jena BP. Calcium drives fusion of snare-apposed bilayers. Cell Biol Int. 2004;28(1):19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2003.11.004.Helming L, Gordon S. Molecular mediators of macrophage fusion. Trends Cell Biol. 2009;19(10):514–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2009.07.005.Helming L, Gordon S. Molecular mediators of macrophage fusion. Trends Cell Biol. 2009;19(10):514–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2009.07.005.McNally AK, Anderson JM. Multinucleated giant cell formation exhibits features of phagocytosis with participation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Exp Mol Pathol. 2005;79(2):126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.06.008.McNally AK, Anderson JM. Multinucleated giant cell formation exhibits features of phagocytosis with participation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Exp Mol Pathol. 2005;79(2):126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.06.008.Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Integrins. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science; 2002.Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Integrins. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science; 2002.McNally AK, Jones JA, Mac Ewan SR, Colton E, Anderson JM. Vitronectin as a critical protein adhesion substrate for IL-4-induced foreign body giant cell formation. J Biomed Mater Res А. 2007;86(2):535–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31658.McNally AK, Jones JA, Mac Ewan SR, Colton E, Anderson JM. Vitronectin as a critical protein adhesion substrate for IL-4-induced foreign body giant cell formation. J Biomed Mater Res А. 2007;86(2):535–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31658.Broughton G, Janis JE, Attinger CE. The basic science of wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7):12–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000225430.42531.c2.Broughton G, Janis JE, Attinger CE. The basic science of wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7):12–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000225430.42531.c2.Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Aikawa E, Stangenberg L, Wurdinger T, Figueiredo JL et al. The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions. J Exp Med. 2007;204(12):3037–3047. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20070885.Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Aikawa E, Stangenberg L, Wurdinger T, Figueiredo JL et al. The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions. J Exp Med. 2007;204(12):3037–3047. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20070885.Brodbeck WG, Shive MS, Colton E, Ziats NP, Anderson JM. Interleukin-4 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced and spontaneous apoptosis of biomaterial-adherent macrophages. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;139(2):90–100. https://doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2002.121260.Brodbeck WG, Shive MS, Colton E, Ziats NP, Anderson JM. Interleukin-4 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced and spontaneous apoptosis of biomaterial-adherent macrophages. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;139(2):90–100. https://doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2002.121260.Anderson JM, Rodriguez A, Chang DT. Foreign Body Reaction to Biomaterials. Semin Immunol. 2008;20(2):86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2007.11.004.Anderson JM, Rodriguez A, Chang DT. Foreign Body Reaction to Biomaterials. Semin Immunol. 2008;20(2):86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2007.11.004.Wooley PH, Hallab NJ. Wound Healing, Chronic Inflammation, and Immune Responses. Springer: New York; 2014.Wooley PH, Hallab NJ. Wound Healing, Chronic Inflammation, and Immune Responses. Springer: New York; 2014.Anderson JM. Biological responses to materials. Ann Rev Mater Res. 2001;31:81–110. https://doi.org/1146/ANNUREV.MATSCI.31.1.81.Anderson JM. Biological responses to materials. Ann Rev Mater Res. 2001;31:81–110. https://doi.org/1146/ANNUREV.MATSCI.31.1.81.Должиков АА, Колпаков АЯ, Ярош АЛ, Молчанова АС, Должикова ИН. Гигантские клетки инородных тел и тканевые реакции на поверхности имплантов. Курский научно-практический вестник «Человек и его здоровье». 2017;(3):86–94. https://doi.org/10.21626/vestnik/2017-3/15.Dolzhikov AA, Kolpakov AYа, Yarosh AL, Molchanova AS, Dolzhikova IN. Giant foreign body cells and tissue reactions on the surface of implants. Kursk Scientific and Practical Bulletin “Man and His Health”. 2017;(3):86–94. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21626/vestnik/2017-3/15.Haas A. The phagosome: Compartment with a license to kill. Traffic. 2007;8(4):311–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00531.x.Haas A. The phagosome: Compartment with a license to kill. Traffic. 2007;8(4):311–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00531.x.Brodbeck WG, Anderson JM. Giant cell formation and function. Curr Opin Hemаtol. 2009;16(1):53–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0b013e32831ac52e.Brodbeck WG, Anderson JM. Giant cell formation and function. Curr Opin Hemаtol. 2009;16(1):53–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0b013e32831ac52e.Kao WJ, Zhao QH, Hiltner A, Anderson JM. Theoretical analysis of in vivo macrophage adhesion and foreign body gaint cell formation on polydimethylsiloxane, low density polyethylene, and polyetherurethanes. J Biomed Mater Res. 1994;28(1):73–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820280110.Kao WJ, Zhao QH, Hiltner A, Anderson JM. Theoretical analysis of in vivo macrophage adhesion and foreign body gaint cell formation on polydimethylsiloxane, low density polyethylene, and polyetherurethanes. J Biomed Mater Res. 1994;28(1):73–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820280110.Santerre J, Woodhouse K, Laroche G, Labow R. Understanding the biodegradation of polyurethanes: From classical implants to tissue engineering materials. Biomaterials. 2005;26(35):7457–7470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.079.Santerre J, Woodhouse K, Laroche G, Labow R. Understanding the biodegradation of polyurethanes: From classical implants to tissue engineering materials. Biomaterials. 2005;26(35):7457–7470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.079.Roy N, Bruchmann B, Lehn JM. Dynamers: Dynamic polymers as self-healing materials. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(11):3786–3807. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00194c.Roy N, Bruchmann B, Lehn JM. Dynamers: Dynamic polymers as self-healing materials. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(11):3786–3807. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00194c.Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP. Biodegradability and biodegradation of poly (lactide). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006;72(2):244–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0488-1.Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP. Biodegradability and biodegradation of poly (lactide). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006;72(2):244–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0488-1.Марченко ВТ. Морфологические особенности репаративной регенерации органов и тканей при использовании «Сульфакрилата» нового поколения. Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 2004;(2):206–210.Marchenko VT. Morphology of reparative regeneration in organs and tissues during treatment with new generation “Sulfacrylate”. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2004;(2):206–210. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BEBM.0000028141.56565.99.Марченко ВТ, Прутовых НН, Толстиков ГА, Толстиков АГ. Медицинский клей «Сульфакрилат». Антибактериальная противовоспалительная клеевая композиция. Руководство для применения в хирургических отраслях. Новосибирск; 2005. 80 с. Режим доступа: https://www.medrk.ru/uploads/file/3440/sulfakrilat_surg-man.pdf.Марченко ВТ, Прутовых НН, Толстиков ГА, Толстиков АГ. Медицинский клей «Сульфакрилат». Антибактериальная противовоспалительная клеевая композиция. Руководство для применения в хирургических отраслях. Новосибирск; 2005. 80 с. Режим доступа: https://www.medrk.ru/uploads/file/3440/sulfakrilat_surg-man.pdf.Martin P, Leibovich SJ. Inflammatory cells during wound repair: The good, the bad and the ugly. Trends Cell Biol. 2005;15(11):599–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.002.Martin P, Leibovich SJ. Inflammatory cells during wound repair: The good, the bad and the ugly. Trends Cell Biol. 2005;15(11):599–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.002.Hernandez-Pando R, Bornstein QL, Aguilar Leon D, Orozco EH, Madrigal VK, Martinez Cordero E. Inflammatory cytokine production by immunological and foreign body multinucleated giant cells. Immunology. 2000;100(3):352–358. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00025.x.Hernandez-Pando R, Bornstein QL, Aguilar Leon D, Orozco EH, Madrigal VK, Martinez Cordero E. Inflammatory cytokine production by immunological and foreign body multinucleated giant cells. Immunology. 2000;100(3):352–358. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00025.x.Weber B, Saurer L, Schenk M, Dickgreber N, Mueller C. CX3CR1 defines functionally distinct intestinal mononuclear phagocyte subsets which maintain their respective functions during homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Eur J Immunol. 2011;41(3):773–779. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201040965.Weber B, Saurer L, Schenk M, Dickgreber N, Mueller C. CX3CR1 defines functionally distinct intestinal mononuclear phagocyte subsets which maintain their respective functions during homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Eur J Immunol. 2011;41(3):773–779. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201040965.Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3(1):23–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri978.Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3(1):23–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri978.Moreno JL, Mikhailenko I, Tondravi MM, Keegan AD. IL-4 promotes the formation of multinucleated giant cells from macrophage precursors by a STAT6-dependent, homotypic mechanism: contribu-tion of E-cadherin. J Leukoc Biol. 2007;82(6):1542–1553. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0107058.Moreno JL, Mikhailenko I, Tondravi MM, Keegan AD. IL-4 promotes the formation of multinucleated giant cells from macrophage precursors by a STAT6-dependent, homotypic mechanism: contribu-tion of E-cadherin. J Leukoc Biol. 2007;82(6):1542–1553. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0107058.MacLauchlan S, Skokos EA, Meznarich N, Zhu DH, Raoof S, Shipley JM et al. Macrophage fusion, giant cell formation, and the foreign body response require matrix metalloproteinase 9. J Leukoc Biol. 2009;85(4):617–626. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1008588.MacLauchlan S, Skokos EA, Meznarich N, Zhu DH, Raoof S, Shipley JM et al. Macrophage fusion, giant cell formation, and the foreign body response require matrix metalloproteinase 9. J Leukoc Biol. 2009;85(4):617–626. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1008588.Ward WK, Slobodzian EP, Tiekotter KL, Wood MD. The effect of microgeometry, implant thickness and polyurethane chemistry on the foreign body response to subcutaneous implants. Biomaterials. 2002;23(21):4185–4192. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00160-6.Ward WK, Slobodzian EP, Tiekotter KL, Wood MD. The effect of microgeometry, implant thickness and polyurethane chemistry on the foreign body response to subcutaneous implants. Biomaterials. 2002;23(21):4185–4192. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00160-6.Kirk JT, McNally AK, Anderson JM. Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Inhibition of Monocytes/Macrophages in the Foreign Body Reaction. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;94(3):683–687. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32682.Kirk JT, McNally AK, Anderson JM. Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Inhibition of Monocytes/Macrophages in the Foreign Body Reaction. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;94(3):683–687. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32682.Parsi K, Kang M, Yang A, Kossard S. Granuloma formation following cyanoacrylate glue injection in peripheral veins and arteriovenous malformation. Phlebology. 2020;35(2):115–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355519856756.Parsi K, Kang M, Yang A, Kossard S. Granuloma formation following cyanoacrylate glue injection in peripheral veins and arteriovenous malformation. Phlebology. 2020;35(2):115–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355519856756.Ottenhoff TH. New pathways of protective and pathological host defense to mycobacteria. Trends Microbiol. 2012;20(9):419–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2012.06.002.Ottenhoff TH. New pathways of protective and pathological host defense to mycobacteria. Trends Microbiol. 2012;20(9):419–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2012.06.002.Пауков ВС, Коган ЕА. Иммунное гранулематозное воспаление как приспособительная реакция организма. Архив патологии. 2014;(4):39–44. Режим доступа: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/arkhiv-patologii/2014/4/1000419552014041039.Paukov VS, Kogan EA. Immune granulomatous inflammation as the body’s adaptive response. Arkhiv Patologii. 2014;(4):39–44. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/arkhiv-patologii/2014/4/1000419552014041039.Самсонова МВ, Черняев АЛ. Гистологическая дифференциальная диагностика болезней легких (часть I). Архив патологии. 2019;(1):65–70.Samsonova MV, Chernyaev AL. Histological differential diagnosis of granulomatous lung diseases (part 1). Arkhiv Patologii. 2019;(1):65–70. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20198101165.Kapoor N, Pawar S, Sirakova TD, Deb C, Warren WL, Kolattukudy PE. Human granuloma in vitro model, for TB dormancy and resuscitation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053657.Kapoor N, Pawar S, Sirakova TD, Deb C, Warren WL, Kolattukudy PE. Human granuloma in vitro model, for TB dormancy and resuscitation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053657.Sermsathanasawadi N, Pruekprasert K, Chinsakchai K, Wongwanit C, Ruangsetakit C. Cyanoacrylate Granuloma After Cyanoacrylate Closure of Incompetent Saphenous Veins. Dermatol Surg. 2021;47(10):1372–1375. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000003183.Sermsathanasawadi N, Pruekprasert K, Chinsakchai K, Wongwanit C, Ruangsetakit C. Cyanoacrylate Granuloma After Cyanoacrylate Closure of Incompetent Saphenous Veins. Dermatol Surg. 2021;47(10):1372–1375. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000003183.Kumar V, Abbas Abul K, Jon C. Hypersensitivity: Immunologicaly Mediated Tissue Injury. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.Kumar V, Abbas Abul K, Jon C. Hypersensitivity: Immunologicaly Mediated Tissue Injury. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.Khaled М, Kondamudi Noah P. Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction. StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing. 2021.Khaled М, Kondamudi Noah P. Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction. StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing. 2021.Abbas Abul K. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Elsevier; 2021. 444 р.Abbas Abul K. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Elsevier; 2021. 444 р.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.